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Charles Victor Crosnier de Varigny (1829–1899) was a French adventurer, diplomat, translator and writer. He was born November 25, 1829 in Versailles. He was educated at Lycée Bourbon. He came with his father to the California Gold Rush. He married Louise Constantin (1827–1894) August 14, 1852 in San Francisco, and worked for a French language newspaper, ''L'echo du Pacifique'' founded by Étienne Derbec. He and his family arrived on the ''Restless'' from San Francisco February 18, 1855 in Honolulu. He accepted a position as translator to Louis Emile Perrin the Consul (diplomatic rank below that of ambassador) from France to the Kingdom of Hawaii. he became friends with Scot Robert Crichton Wyllie who spoke several languages due to his travel throughout South America and the Pacific. At that time France and Great Britain were allies in the Crimean War. In 1857 he traveled to the island of Hawaii with German Hermann von Holt. They toured Kīlauea volcano, and visited the rancher John Palmer Parker. They hired the guide "Jack" Purdy who told the story of earlier adventurer Julius Brenchley. Purdy then led them in an ascent of Mauna Kea, the highest mountain in the Pacific.〔 When Perrin died in 1862 he became acting Consul from France. In July 1863 he visited the island of Kauai, including a visit of the Princeville sugar plantation owned by Wyllie. On December 7, 1863 he was appointed to the Privy Council for King Kamehameha V and on 14 to become the Minister of Finance. Immediately the new king caused a political crisis by refusing to take an oath to the constitution. After a constitutional convention did not agree with his proposal, Kamehameha V proclaimed his own 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Varigny generally supported the new constitution, which gave both the king and cabinet ministers more power, and limited voters with property requirements. From 1864 through 1868 he served in the House of Nobles of the legislature. On January 21, 1865 he was appointed to the Bureau of Immigration and Bureau of Public Instruction. After the death of Wyllie Varigny became Minister of Foreign Affairs on December 21, 1865.〔 One of his first acts was to call off the efforts of John Bowring for negotiating a three-way treaty between France, Great Britain, and the United States. Varigny instead favored an individual reciprocity treaty with each country.〔 Charles Coffin Harris had negotiated a tentative treaty with American Commissioner Edward Moody McCook. However, in the meantime the under Captain William Reynolds had arrived February 9, 1867 and refused to leave in response to rumors that France was going to take over the islands. Harris lodged a protest to Secretary of State William Henry Seward. Seward had just completed the Alaska Purchase. Rumors circulated that the U.S. was ready to invade, and some Americans on the islands indicated they would support such a move. On August 28, 1867 Reynolds claimed possession of Midway Atoll. The Captain's clerk leaked letters to the Hawaiian government alleging a conspiracy for starting a rebellion. Varigny forwarded the letters to the U.S. State Department, who then requested to have the clerk arrested. In March 1868 an increase in volcanic activity resulted in the 1868 Hawaii earthquake and resulting tsunami that caused damage throughout the islands. Varigny helped organize bringing aid to the victims. On May 6, 1868 the ''Lackawanna'' sailed back to San Francisco and the clerk was court-martialed. He was found guilty, but quiety had his sentence suspended, probably to avoid any embarrassing publicity.〔 Later in 1868 he returned to France. He tried to negotiate treaties between Hawaii and European powers, but the conflicts leading up to the Franco-Prussian War prevented much progress. A short treaty with Russia was signed June 19, 1869.〔(【引用サイトリンク】date= June 19, 1869 )〕 He also negotiated treaties with the North German Confederation and Denmark, but these were rejected by the Hawaiian government because they did not allow for any other reciprocity agreements. His leave of absence expired in November 1869. He asked to continue as envoy, but by the fall of 1870 as relieved of any connection with Hawaii. Harris took over the minisrty of foreign affairs, while John Mott-Smith replaced Harris as minister of finance.〔 He published a series of articles about his voyages starting in 1873. He then expanded these stories into a book about his 14 years in the islands, followed by others about his experiences in California and other parts of the Pacific.〔 He died November 9, 1899 in Montmorency, Val-d'Oise near Paris. His son Henry Charles de Varigny was born 1855 and became a biologist.〔 Translation by the author of ''L'Air et la Vie''〕 Henry's writings included a biography of Charles Darwin〔 (French)〕 and other works discussing evolution. Henry died in 1934.〔 (French) Title in English: Reception and distribution of the Darwinism in France : Henry de Varigny (1855–1934), doctor, researcher and journalist, a convinced Darwinian〕 He also had two daughters. ==Works== * (French) * (French) * (French) * (French) * (French) * (French) * (French) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Charles de Varigny」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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